RESUMO
Little is still known about the environmental impacts of exogenous enzyme supplementation in pig and poultry feeding programs. Thus, this study aimed to assess the potential environmental impacts of producing feeds for pigs and broilers by simulating the effects of ß-mannanase Hemicell™ HT supplementation through energy savings during diet formulation. Life-cycle assessment standards were applied to simulate a cradle-to-feed mill gate scope. The functional units used were the production of 1 kg of the enzyme and 1 kg of feed at a feed mill gate located in Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Climate change, eutrophication, and acidification were the chosen environmental impact categories. Energy savings through ß-mannanase supplementation were assessed by different metabolizable energy (ME) matrices (45 or 90 kcal of ME/kg of feed) during diet formulation in different grain production scenarios (Southern and/or Central-West origin). A total of 28 feeds were formulated based on the nutritional requirements and feeding programs described in the Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine. The least-cost formulation method was used based on real price averages practiced in a local industry over 12 months. The production of 1 kg of ß-mannanase was associated with the emission of 1,800 g of CO2-eq, 4.53 g of PO4-eq, and 7.89 g of SO2-eq. For pig feeds, ß-mannanase supplementation mitigated both climate change and eutrophication impacts up to 8.5 and 1.4% (45 kcal of ME/kg of feed) or up to 16.2 and 2.7% (90 kcal of ME/kg of feed) compared to control diets formulated without the enzyme. For broiler feeds, these impacts were mitigated up to 5.6 and 1.1% (45 kcal of ME/kg of feed), respectively. On the other hand, the effect of using ß-mannanase on the acidification impact was not consistent among feeds/species. Overall, ß-mannanase supplementation reduced the amount of soybean oil in feed formulas, which is associated with high environmental impacts. Consequently, the potential impacts of climate change and eutrophication associated with producing feeds for pigs and broilers were substantially mitigated. These results suggest that ß-mannanase supplementation is an eco-friendly feed strategy to reduce the environmental impacts of pig and poultry feeding programs.
RESUMO
Através de métodos bacteriológicos convencionais, avaliou-se a contaminação por Clostridium perfringens na ração e água utilizadas na alimentação e dessedentação de frangos de corte em diferentes regiões avícolas do interior paulista. C. perfringens esteve presente em 42 e 30 por cento das amostras de ração e águas analisadas, respectivamente. As médias das contagens foram 6,7 x 10-2UFC mL para as amostras de água e 3,69 x 10-2UFC g para as de rações. As altas freqüências e contagens de C. perfringens verificadas nas rações e nas águas podem estar associadas à falta de higiene geral na manipulação e armazenamento dos mesmos. Sugere-se o monitoramento periódico da presença de C. perfringens nestas fontes, com a finalidade de evitar tal patógeno, em vista que o mesmo pode causar um surto de enterite necrótica levando, assim a grandes prejuízos na produção avícola.
Through conventional bacteriological methods, the contamination by Clostridium perfringens was evaluated in the ration and water used in the feeding of poultry chickens from different region of the interior from São Paulo. C. perfringens was present in 42 and 30 percent of the ration samples and waters analyzed respectively. The averages of the countings were 6.7 x 10-2CFU mL for the samples of water and 3.69 x 10-2CFU g for rations. The high frequencies and countings of C. perfringens verified in the rations and in the waters may be associated to the lack of general hygiene in the manipulation and storage of the same ones. These suggests a periodic monitoration of the presence of C. perfringens in these sources, with the purpose of avoiding such pathogen, in view that this organism can provoke an outbreak of necrotic enteritis, and cause great damages in the poultry production.
RESUMO
Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade microbiológica do leite UHT caprino, 100 amostras provenientes das regiões Sul e Sudeste do país foram analisadas através do isolamento e da identificação de bactérias do gênero Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp. e Clostridium sp.. Com exceção do Clostridium sp., todos os gêneros estudados foram isolados. A presença de bactérias mesofílicas foi positiva em 21 por cento das amostras. Bacillus sp. e Staphylococcus sp. foram isoladas em 32 por cento e 36 por cento das amostras analisadas respectivamente. As contagens de Staphylococcus sp. foram em média de 5,21x10ÕUFC mL-1, enquanto que para Bacillus sp. foi de 4,87x10ÕUFC mL-1. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que o processo térmico UHT utilizado nas amostras de leite não foi suficiente para destruir os microrganismos. Os resultados servem de alerta às autoridades responsáveis pela saúde pública para o risco potencial de determinadas bactérias produtoras de toxinas causarem intoxicação alimentar. Estes dados ressaltam a importância da criação de programas efetivos de controle e prevenção destes agentes desde a obtenção do leite até seu beneficiamento.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of UHT (Ultra High Tempereture) goat milk. Microbiological analysis was used for detection and isolation of the genera Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp. and Clostridium sp. in one hundred of samples from different regions of the country. All genera mentioned, excepting Clostridium sp., have been found in the analyzed samples. The mesophilic bacteria were positive in 21 percent of samples. Bacillus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. were isolated in 32 percent and 36 percent of the analysed samples respectivelly . The mean of Staphylococcus sp. were of 5,21x10ÕCFU mL-1. Meanwhile for Bacillus sp. were 4,87x10ÕCFU mL-1. The results suggest that thermal process UHT used in these samples was not enough to destroy the microorganisms. This information is important to warn Public Health authorities about the potential risks of these food-poisoning microorganisms. Effective improvement of programs is necessary to control and prevent these agents therefore improving milk quality.
Assuntos
Animais , Bactérias , Cabras , Leite/microbiologia , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
O besouro Alphitobius diaperinus spp (cascudinho) é visto como uma importante praga da avicultura mundial. Por suas características comportamentais e hábitos biológicos que dificultam seu controle, é considerado um vetor de agentes patogênicos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar o cascudinho como possível vetor de Clostridium perfringens em granjas avícolas industriais, localizadas em diferentes regiões do interior Paulista. Através de métodos bacteriológicos convencionais, em 40 amostras analisadas, foram encontradas contagens significativas de Clostridium perfringens em todas elas. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pôde-se demonstrar o potencial deste inseto como vetor do agente responsável pela enterite necrótica.
The Alphitobius diaperinus spp (lesser mealworm) is considered an important world poultry plague. Due to its behavior characteristics and biological habits that make its control difficult it is considered a vector of pathogenic agents. The objective of this research was to investigate the little mealworm as possible vector of Clostridium perfringens in broiler houses, located in different parts of the state of São Paulo. Through conventional bacteriological methods, 40 samples of little mealworm collected were analyzed. Clostridium perfringens was found in all of the samples and the potential of this insect as vector of the necrotic enteritis was demonstrated.
